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Animal testing in research is a complex issue that has a variety of viewpoints. The process itself involves administering drugs and other medical treatments, such as experimental surgeries, to animal subjects to test their safety and practicality for human applications. In some cases medications and surgeries are tested on healthy animals to determine how they react. In other cases, animals are intentionally harmed to facilitate determining the effectiveness of the treatment. In those instances the harm to the animal can be physical, such as dislocating joints, or it can be biological, such as injecting an animal with a disease for which a potential treatment will eventually be administered.